Post-Colonial Literature: Salman Rushdie Essay

The style of Post-colonial writing has been given the name â€Å"New English literature† most especially for its very particular way of writing that focuses on the discussion of colonization. These types of writings have often dealt with various issues that are related to de-colonization or the cultural independence as well as the political power that is related to colonial rule. Various authors have already tried to delve deep into this specific type of genre and they have been able to carry out their novels with racist or colonial subtexts. Revie, 2003) The characteristic of post-colonial literature is that in its most modern form, it seeks to critique the various contemporary post-colonial discourse that has been able to shape the times. Post-colonial works are typically literature that seeks the process of re-writing and re-reading. This particular description of this specific type comes from the perspective of those who have been under the rule of colonization in the past. This particular type of style is used in almost every type of post-colonial literature novel that has been made. Due to the tone and the type of narrative that authors use with this particular type of literary work, the inhabitants of those colonized countries are most often portrayed as victims instead of foes of those who have colonized them. This is one of the attributes of this type of literature. The various actions of colonizers have long harmed those who have they tried to submit to their will and because of this fact, the authors who have had the privilege of writing about their injustices have always given the colonized people a fate which was less than desirable. Revie, 2003) Salman Rushdie One of the most notable authors who have already made their mark regarding this particular type of literature is Salman Rushdie. The different types of fiction that Salman Rushdie has authored has been continuously monitored and analyzed for its different perspectives. A review of several of the books and his journals will reveal that there is a proliferation of criticisms that concentrate mainly on the topic of postcolonial matters. His works effectively address the various types of issues that have a political or social nature. Some of these things address the fatwa as well as the publication of The Satanic Verses. Some of the sentiments that other writers and authors share is that Rushdie is a postmodern writer whose seriously pushes the different boundaries of the novel in modern times. Rushdie had authored several novels and as different as the texts are from each other, so does Rushdie stick a coherent type of message which is only discernible from a broader standpoint. One of the novels that Rushdie had written is Midnight’s Children. This was a novel that had already been published for already twenty years. This novel gave Salman Rushdie a notable status because he was a very gifted author who wrote in English. This is one of the things that was quite remarkable about the author since he was aware of different things about postcolonial national matters of different countries even though he was of Indian descent. This fact gave prominence to writers who were of a different race and thus gave the literary enthusiasts and various classes of people a new way of looking different things. This cross-cultural way of writing novels has shone the spotlight on how post-colonial literature should not be limited to an author of that particular country. This is one of the things that was highlighted when Rushdie churned out Midnight’s Children way back in the 80’s. Midnight’s Children With his work, Midnight’s Children, this novel is about the power of mixture and interaction. This type of mixture that Rushdie tries to focus on is seen through the filter of the protagonist’s memory. Saleem Sinai is a person who recalls the history of his family and provides the readers a very thorough history of the entire Indian environment that he knows. The reader is thrust deep into the heart of a particular period of India which essentially covers the entire timeline of India’s pre- as well as postcolonial twentieth-century history. The protagonist who is said to be born during the first hour of independence from the British colonizers begins by recalling his narrative from about 32 years before that time. He begins with his his heritage which focuses on his grandfather, Aadam Aziz. This is one of the most noticeable things that one can see with this type of literature. The strategy of going back to set the stage for the present is one trait of postcolonial literature and at the onset of the novel, Rushdie masterfully inserts this type of characteristic in order to set the stage for the rest of the novel. Throughout the novel, Saleem is set out to find meaning in his life but as the novel goes on, one learns that Saleem is actually switched at birth by the nurse Mary Pereira with Aziz’s biological grandson, Shiva. The story actually weaves a very complicated web as it turns out that Saleem is the illegitimate son of Vanita who is the wife of another Hindu who plays the accordion. Saleem writes out the story of his life and narrates it to his friend Padma. This is exactly the story that Saleem seems to narrate and recall over and over. (Rushdie, 1996) It is through this particular novel that we find that recalling is not exactly something that is done on purpose by the protagonist but it somehow flows out of his natural tendency to move and focus on different fragments of his past. He Saleem manages to create the memory of his past through bits and pieces of information that he remembers throughout his life. It is through the act of recalling that Saleem seems to make sense out of the chaos that is around him as he compares recalling to pickling which to according to him is an â€Å"impure† act of love. (Rushdie, 1996) Pickling for him is sort of a process that makes things new again due to the fact that one dies without newness. One of the things that is implied here is the fact that we exist and are alive simply because of the fact that we continue to reinvent and redo ourselves in the sense that we recreate our world and our reality as we remember it and as we experience it. The author gives a certain degree of importance to memory and how it has helped him with this particular novel in the sense that he makes it known to the readers that what they do is very important. (Hogue, 1996) Shame In the novel Shame, Rushdie seeks to focus on a different type of characteristic. The author’s other novels seek to further illustrate the different possibilities of mixtures but with this particular novel, Rushdie finds himself writing about anger. The repressed state that one enters in when angered is what this novel is focusing on. This is the time that Rushdie retells the history of Pakistan ever since the time of its independence way back in 1947. (Rushdie, 2008) The story essentially discusses three generations as focuses on the different lives of Raza Hyder who is a very successful and celebrated military general and Iskandar â€Å"Isky† Harappa who is a politician who came from being a playboy because of his riches and wealth. These characters are actually based on different real life people–the former being President Zia-ul-Haq and the latter former Prime Minister Zulfikar Alik Butto. As seen in the different novels of Midnight’s Children and The Satanic Verses, the novel Shame describes the colonizer-colonized relationship. In this particular relationship, the colonizers are those who are politically powerful and they are the characters Isky and Raza. They have been said to become repressed identities who have been mistreated in the past. The repression that can be found in the novel Shame comes from the longstanding desire for purity which is a a theme that is also found in The Satanic Verses and Midnight’s Children. Pakistan is said to be the land of the pure and mohajirs. (Rushdie, 2008) There have been rewrites of their pasts in order to fit into this new myth of purity that Pakistan is supposed to be. In such a novel, the author seems to reject hybridity in exchange for purity. With this particular novel, the author seems to focus on this idea and highlights purity in the face of anger and repression that is found in the relationship of the colonizer and the colonized. In this particular novel, the author focuses on the anger that is found in the relationship of those colonizers and those who have been colonized. In relation to this particular setup, it is because of the repression that happens and because of the fact that people are in essence filled with anger and hatred when they are stripped of their natural freedom. This novel adheres directly to the type of literature that characterizes post-colonial treatments. The Satanic Verses The Satanic Verses is the kind of novel that admonishes the reader to ask various questions regarding himself. This novel focuses on identity. As with the setup in a colonized state, there are various questions that arise because of such an act. The novel begs to ask the question, â€Å"How does one act when one wins? † and â€Å"What kind of idea are you? † The former and the latter pertaining to the identity of the person is challenged because of the fact that they are ideas which are ingrained in a person. One of the characters in the novel is Gibreel Farishta who never actually develops a will of his own and actually becomes a battered and abused puppet of other people throughout the entirety of the novel. (Rushdie, 2008) The question of identity plays around with the fact that Gibreel is unable to be flexible and â€Å"impure† at the same time. This particular juxtaposition by the author reveals a much larger picture philosophically as it addresses the notion of reality as a mere artifact that is masterfully handmade by the strength of words. The identity of people is questioned in this particular novel because it focuses on identity and what one person should be when he encounters a particular challenge in his or her life. This is one of the things that a person or a nation struggles with when they are colonized. (Spivak, 1993) Conclusion Through the various texts, the archetype of post-colonial literature was quite obvious because of the nature of the way that the ideologies were presented. Through the different ways and plots that the author introduced to the readers, he was able to fully explain and incorporate the feelings and the ideas that the colonizer and the colonized go through in their minds. Rushdie was able to immerse the readers in very profound stories where he was able to stay faithful with the characteristics and the nature of the genre of literature. The different novels that he authored are wonderful examples of how diverse the feelings and the ideas are when one encounters colonization firsthand.

The Relevance of Loyalty in “Julius Caesar”

The Relevance of Loyalty in Julius Caesar In the Shakespearean play Julius Caesar, loyalty is relevant to each person. In the eyes of Marc Antony, Marcus Brutus, and Cassius, the term â€Å"loyalty† means something entirely different to each man. In a sense, each of the three characters is only loyal to what he thinks is good and right but in some cases, his morals also fluctuate with his desires. Marc Antony plays the specific role of a son-like figure to Caesar.He takes no part in the conspiracy which eventually leads to the demise of Caesar although when Caesar does die, Antony baits Marcus Brutus with flattery to ensure his relative favor with Caesar’s murderers. Nonetheless, Marc Antony is loyal to Caesar as well as the memory of Caesar. He uses his â€Å"favor† with Brutus and the conspirators to gain permission to speak at Caesar’s burial ceremony, subtly inciting rebellion in the citizens of Rome. As previously stated, Antony is loyal to Caesar in life as well as in death.Marcus Brutus’ loyalties, on the other hand, lie with Rome. As one of Caesar’s most trusted friends, Brutus respects and admires Caesar but when decisions concern the entire Roman Empire, Brutus weighs Rome more important than his friend. Because of this loyalty to Rome, Brutus is swayed by one of the conspirators and becomes a conspirator himself. He doesn’t side with Caesar’s enemies because of envy or jealousy but because he believes it is the right thing to do in Rome’s best interest.During the play, Brutus is in constant war with himself, wondering if what he did was the right thing. His loyalty to Rome and his friendship with Caesar battle with each other throughout the piece. Cassius, however, is consumed with a lust for power and Caesar is obviously in his way. It seems he plots to kill Caesar for his own personal gain. Cassius uses Brutus as a â€Å"puppet†, thinking Brutus will do whatever he requests. He i s abruptly proven wrong when Brutus confronts Cassius of his crooked demands.Cassius is enraged but is placated soon after. He is loyal only to himself, using the excuse of preserving democracy to rationalize his actions. Marc Antony was loyal to Caesar, Marcus Brutus was loyal to Rome, and Cassius was loyal to himself. Three men fought for three different causes, two noble and one ignoble. Though Brutus and Cassius both wanted Caesar’s death, they wanted it for two very different reasons. In Julius Caesar, loyalty is consistent with men’s beliefs. Each man made his choices based on the foundation of his loyalties.

Business Case Development of Entrepreneurship

The study is related to the development of entrepreneurship in Singapore. The case study illustrates the development of the pany Tranium Academy, a training providing enterprise by an entrepreneur named Eugene. Entrepreneurship is defined as the development and starting business ventures of its own. The concept of entrepreneurship is itself a challenging task where entrepreneurs must possess the characteristics of perseverance. Entrepreneurs while starting a new business should accept some negative attributes of loss of money, risk taking, suffering setbacks while embarking the journey of starting a new venture. In this context, the use of creativity in the minds of Eugene is the key cause of success of the business started by him in the market. There goes a concept that creativity and money do not correlate with each other. When entrepreneurs face various limitations then they start to b e more creative in nature. The study focuses on the motivation of Eugene while starting his own venture along with the market opportunities that have supported him to start the business. Apart from that, the business model used by Eugene along with its feasibility in the market, sustainability, gaps and growth of Tranium Academy will also be discussed in the report. The case study illustrates that Eugene Seah has faced countless setbacks while thriving his business of training in the Singapore market. Previously Eugene is associated in working with finance sector. At that sector, he used to take care of the strategic marketing and munications project over many years. Apart from that, he has attended many certification programs for training and assessment and has been associated with many seminars and workshops related to training and development in the Singaporean market (Chatterji et al. 2014). From his very childhood days, Eugene is attracted towards public speaking, hosting various events, enhancing personal skills, etc. It is a cause of motivation of starting his own venture in the future. Apart from that, during his job life in the financial sector, he has gained many experiences in the field of training, development, personal grooming, public speaking, skill development programs, etc. that has been responsible for the source of motivation of developing his career in this sector. In his job life, he has gained opportunity to work with many trainers in different training programs, seminars and workshops that has enhanced his capabilities and level of expertise in the areas of training and personal development (Galindo and Mà ©ndez 2014). Beside this, there is a transition phase in the career where he has to choose for entrepreneurship and a career with no opportunities for growth. Pursuing with same position over years has no point of growth. However, there are many risks related to entrepreneurship that the entrepreneurs must understand while proceeding with the creative idea of venturing own business (Drucker 2014). Ample amount of research about the sector that the entrepreneur wants to start the business is essential. Entrepreneurship also includes the concept of both macro environment analysis and micro environment analysis. Macro environment analysis includes the external condition of the market relating to profitability, investment, scope of the business, growth of the business, nature of petition, number of petitors, dearth of technology usage, current trends of business model used in the industry by the major players, searching potential areas of growth and business, and many more (Sahut and Peris-Ortiz 2014). While having ideas of these attributes, entrepreneur will find motivation in exploring the marketing opportunities. On the contrary, micro environment analysis of the pany includes resources, skills and the financial condition that the entrepreneur is available with. It will help in exploring the opportunities that Eugene will implement while expanding the business opportunities. It is mentioned in the case study that Eugene has conducted enough market research on the genre of business he will be operating in. The different types of opportunities in the Singapore market regarding the training and personal development of the personnel is one of the opportunities for growth of the business venture. Market research of the training and development sector at that time was occupied with major players and their way of providing service is different from that of the other panies (Letaifa and Rabeau 2013). In this context, both the macro environment analysis and micro environment analysis of the market i.e. training and developmental market is important. Apart from that, the motivation for an entrepreneur is the zeal of starting his own venture in the field of expertise he has gained in the due course of time. The training and development of the professionals of the Singapore has been considered as the market opportunities in the business. The expertise that the entre preneur has gained in his career life has immense importance while thriving the business in the Singapore market (Binnui and Cowling 2016). It can be said that from the very beginning training and development is considered as the important factor for the growth of every panies in all parts of the world. Training, personal development, career development, enhancement of skills and expertise are always important not only for growth of career of the individuals but also for the growth of the panies in terms of employee relations and productivity of them in their respective fields (Shaw and de Bruin 2013). Apart from the corporate panies, the field is also important in different schools and personal career counseling activities. Different high level executives of Singapore believe of enhancement of their skills and expertise once in 3 to 5 years for their personal development in their profession they are associated with. Research of Eugene illustrates the fact that the major players of this industry are focused on only one activity with limited amount of resources and capabilities. Another opportunity for the growth of the b usiness is the growth of the non academic tuitions for personal development (Thà ©baud 2015). The business model that is being initially used in Tranium Academy is partnership business of Eugene and one or more partners in the future years. As Eugene does not have sufficient amount of resources, hence he has joined hand with one event management pany of one of his university friend. Initially partnership was agreed by both the parties and the business was started. There was no such specific business model used in Tranium Academy for capturing clients. All things are done manually by Eugene and other members of the business. Lack of use of technology in the business is the reason of very slow growth of the pany as it was been projected earlier (Weber and Tarba 2016). There are many rejections and encounters that Eugene has to face while he is busy in tapping clients from the market. The positive side of Eugene in developing and flourishing his venture is capturing and grabbing knowledge from different sources and attending different seminars and workshops. The idea that Eugene captured from those areas were implemented by him in the business. However, there are many weaknesses in this business model. The weaknesses are discussed above. But the positive side is only the expertise and knowledge gained by the entrepreneur itself to survive the business in the market of Singapore. Despite of having weaknesses, the entrepreneur has the ability to identify the potential business model relevant for the new venture of training and personal development. Being digital is the way identified by Eugene to sustain in the market. The potential business model that will help the entrepreneur to sustain in the petitive world is using technologies that use digital platforms such as websites, social media channels, etc. for tapping more clients for generating revenue for the pany (?ledzik 2013). The pany by using digital platforms will not only increase the profitability but also it will increase the brand image, reputation and popularity of the pany in the market of Singapore. Hence, creating innovative digital content for the website is th e chosen potential business model for the pany to sustain the petition in the market. Entrepreneurship is related to feasibility of the business venture in the market. An entrepreneur has to keep many things in his mind regarding the factors that may influence the business in the market. Mainly external factors are the point of concern that may cause a stoppage in the progress of the business. The external factor includes governmental rules, regulations, laws, trade regulations, safe petition, etc. Internal factors of feasibility of entrepreneurship illustrate the partnership ability of the business in the different operational perspective for the development and growth of the business (Maritz and Donovan 2015). The different perspectives that are mentioned in the case study points out the facts that the business is feasible enough to maintain its business in the market. The case study regarding entrepreneurship illustrates various scopes and opportunities that can cause both favor and unfavor the conditions for growth. The different conditions that are explained in t he case study suggest that the business is feasible in the market of Singapore (Lindberg et al. 2014). Feasibility of the business is the main point of consideration of every entrepreneur across different parts of the world. A list of things regarding the establishment of business in the particular sector is responsible for the positive growth of the venture in the market. The study describes about the opportunities of training and development in the market of Singapore. Apart from that, the condition of the market those are not favorable for the establishment and growth of the business is also mentioned clearly (Mro?ewski and Kratzer 2016). However, it can be said that besides of having many less favorable conditions for business growth, it can be said that the entrepreneur can utilize the available market opportunities in a way to increase the profitability of his business. Hence, it can be concluded that the business is feasible in Singapore market. Control over a business is an important factor in terms of entrepreneurship. It can be said that the most of the businesses across the world is either established in sole proprietorship or in a partnership. Controls of business in both these types of businesses are different from one another. Control is necessary for the smooth flow of all business operations along with the profitability maintenance. It can be said that it is due to the nature of control of business that will determine the goals, objectives, profitability, way of conducting business, grip over the business and its action during the time of less favorable conditions in the market (Hoskinson and Kuratko 2015). The nature of control also determines the different types of actions that will be taken by the business while dealing with customers in different aspects. In this perspective, it can be said that the control of a sole proprietor business is different. Entrepreneur has to take care of each and every details of the business of its own. It can be said that the responsibility is huge over the field of control in sole proprietorship business. In partnership business, the responsibilities, control and other duties are divided into partners involved in the business. Decisions are taken in a joint way. It has both positive and negative aspects. Tranium Academy initially does not face any issues while controlling activities in the business (Patton 2013). However, due to passage of time, there are disputes that have been arisen in the partnership business of Eugene. Starting a new business venture or the concept of entrepreneurship is characterized by potential growth and gaps that will help the entrepreneur in forming business strategies that will help the venture to sustain in the petitive business world. The gaps in the market are identified by the entrepreneur in the market so that they can get prepared about the different kinds of unexpected situations in the market that can hamper the profitability as well as the smooth flow of business operations in the market. In this context, potential gaps are identified by the entrepreneur himself that can affect the growth of Tranium Academy in the Singapore market (Padma and Sridhar 2016). The weaker areas of the pany are the gaps that are responsible for creation of the negative catalytic affect in the business. Different types of positive actions and activities of the petitors in the market are also considered as the factors of growth in the pany. The case study reflects about different favorable factors of growth for flourishing the training academy of Eugene in the market. It is the responsibility of the entrepreneurs and the partners involved in the business to detect and identify the favorable factors for growth as well as the negative factors that inhibits the growth of the pany in the market. In this perspective, it can be said that the entrepreneur i.e. Eugene has a huge level of expertise and skills in the field of training and personal development (Soares et al. 2013). Apart from that, the different kinds of degrees that Eugene possesses along with certifications courses that helps in the growth of Tranium Academy in the market. The market research conducted by the pany is also responsible for identification of the different aspects of growth regarding the change of business model of the pany along with the increase of profitability of the business in the long term (Ceptureanu 2015). The concept of sustainability is a vital aspect that helps business in creating a positive impact on the minds of the target customers in the target market i.e. Singapore market. Nowadays, sustainable approaches are adopted by panies to create positive impact in the minds of the people. Sustainability is the area which is focused not only by the pany itself but also by the consumers (Mok 2015). If businesses in the petitive market do not have sustainability approaches or business operations, then they are not be able to sustain in the market for long term. In this perspective, sustainable approach of implementing digital approaches and technologies will help Tranium Academy while creating a positive impression in the minds of their target customers. Going digital and implementation of technology while maintaining sustainability are the best methods or approaches, that the business can implement in order to increase the profitability and feasibility of the business (Cropley and Crople y 2014). The report discusses about the different aspects of flourishing the business in the Singapore market. The report discusses about the strengths, weakness and feasibility of the current business model along with proposition of another most feasible option of business model in the pany which will increase the growth and profitability of the pany. Apart from that, the viability, feasibility of the business is described in terms of the flow of business in the market. There are different types of problems that Tranium Academy faced is also discussed in details along with r mendations for avoiding the business. Binnui, A. and Cowling, M., 2016. A conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurship and innovation of young hi-technology firms.  GSTF Journal on Business Review (GBR),  4(3). Ceptureanu, E.G., 2015. Connection Between Entrepreneurship And Innovation Into Romanian Small And Medium-Size Enterprises.  Risk in Contemporary Economy, pp.127-134. Chatterji, A., Glaeser, E. and Kerr, W., 2014. Clusters of entrepreneurship and innovation.  Innovation Policy and the Economy,  14(1), pp.129-166. Cropley, D.H. and Cropley, A.J., 2014.  Managing entrepreneurship for innovation: a psychological analysis  (Doctoral dissertation, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited). Drucker, P., 2014.  Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Galindo, M.à . and Mà ©ndez, M.T., 2014. Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and innovation: Are feedback effects at work?.  Journal of Business Research,  67(5), pp.825-829. Hoskinson, S. and Kuratko, D.F. eds., 2015.  The Challenges of Ethics and Entrepreneurship in the Global Environment. Emerald Group Publishing. Letaifa, S.B. and Rabeau, Y., 2013. Too close to collaborate? How geographic proximity could impede entrepreneurship and innovation.  Journal of Business Research,  66(10), pp.2071-2078. Lindberg, M., Lindgren, M. and Packendorff, J., 2014. Quadruple Helix as a way to bridge the gender gap in entrepreneurship: the case of an innovation system project in the Baltic Sea region.  Journal of the Knowledge Economy,  5(1), pp.94-113. Maritz, A. and Donovan, J., 2015. Entrepreneurship and innovation: Setting an agenda for greater discipline contextualisation.  Education+ Training,  57(1), pp.74-87. Mok, K.H., 2015. Questing for Entrepreneurship and Innovation for Enhancing Global petitiveness in Hong Kong. In  Research, Development, and Innovation in Asia Pacific Higher Education  (pp. 115-134). Palgrave Macmillan US. Mro?ewski, M. and Kratzer, J., 2016. Entrepreneurship and country-level innovation: investigating the role of entrepreneurial opportunities.  The Journal of Technology Transfer, pp.1-18. Padma, M.C. and Sridhar, V., 2016. Mini-Project Based Approach to Promote Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Engineering Education.  Journal of Engineering Education Transformations,  29(3), pp.67-74. Patton, D., 2013. Entrepreneurship: globalization, innovation and development.  International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. Sahut, J.M. and Peris-Ortiz, M., 2014. Small business, innovation, and entrepreneurship.  Small Business Economics,  42(4), pp.663-668. Shaw, E. and de Bruin, A., 2013. Reconsidering capitalism: the promise of social innovation and social entrepreneurship?.  International Small Business Journal,  31(7), pp.737-746. ?ledzik, K., 2013. Schumpeter’s view on innovation and entrepreneurship. Soares, F.O., Sepà ºlveda, M.J., Monteiro, S., Lima, R.M. and Dinis-Carvalho, J., 2013. An integrated project of entrepreneurship and innovation in engineering education.  Mechatronics,  23(8), pp.987-996. Thà ©baud, S., 2015. Status beliefs and the spirit of capitalism: Accounting for gender biases in entrepreneurship and innovation.  Social Forces,  94(1), pp.61-86. Weber, Y. and Tarba, S.Y., 2016.  Mergers and acquisitions, entrepreneurship and innovation. Emerald Group Publishing. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Relationship between Cooperative Learning and Social Emotinal Learning Research Paper

Relationship between Cooperative Learning and Social Emotinal Learning - Research Paper Example This process happens in stages and does not take place in one instance. This entails that it happens in defining stages that are dependant Brackett, (Kremenitzer, & Maurer, 2011). For the process to be successful, there must be proper mechanisms that ensure that each stage is followed. After successfully undergoing through this process, change is usually experienced Corporative learning is addressed based on two aspects. Academic and social learning, these are then organized based on classroom activities. Corporative learning differs from group work, therefore, it takes structural interdependence. Practically, it involves students that take up tasks collectively towards a particular academic goal. This mode of learning is considered to be better placed than individual learning since individual learning takes up a competitive edge. When students are involved in a group, each one capitalizes on the resource presented. A corporative learning setup enables students to ask for information and also evaluate the one at hand. The corporative learning mode has been credited by numerous authors. Its accreditation is drawn from the numerous benefits that have been resultant. Proper adoption of this mode of learning makes the success of a group to become shared amongst the members. In this model, workload is decreased as a result of role adjustments. Teachers are seen as facilitators, their normal role as information givers changes to facilitators. This model was first introduced by social theorists, before world war two. Notable authors that contributed to its establishment include Allport, Shaw, Watson, and Mead. This group established corporative learning after prior research that indicated that corporative learning is more effective with regards to quantity, quality and the general productivity. Social emotional learning is an all-inclusive term that covers all aspects pertaining to life skills. This covers other

PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - Essay Example Cheryl’s husband was sent to jail the previous year and Cheryl is stressed up. Cheryl’s children are aged 13, 14 and 17 seem aggressive to her and even to the nurses in her presence. She confessed that she is a self harmer for several years as a tissue scar was noticed during examination. This trigger was a very personal matter to some of the group members as they had relatives who had undergone such situations. This made our group work harder than I thought (Jasper, 2003). As a result on our first day of presentation one such member failed to turn up. I personally felt bad and betrayed since we had really worked hard in our daily group discussions. I felt that that member was a letdown and did not deserve to be in our group any more. My feelings kept being pushed form bitter to pity since I put myself in their shoes and I understood the pain and trauma. Conversely, I thought that members should learn to separate their feelings and work so that there would be no conflict of interest. I felt that the member was just lazy and used their bad experience to intimidate the other group members to do their work as we quickly researched their part and presented the presentation. To my surprise this was just the beginning of the bad side of being in a group. During the following group discussion meetings, there were conflicts surrounding the group leader and the ordinary members. It is normal for groups to have conflict especially at the forming stages (Hackman, 1990). This member actually wanted to be the chairperson. Moreover, she expected the other group members to agree with her suggestions and responses without question (Burtis & Turman, 2010). In short she was always right and everyone else was wrong or should just follow her. As expected some members hit back and this led to more problems in the group as little work was being done and more conflict added (Corey, Corey & Corey, 2010). By this time I was almost giving up and since I am not

Information System Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information System Managment - Essay Example To conduct this study, I have used two basic methods. First a secondary research to give me theoretical background about information system. The tools used were: Books, Articles, and Websites along with various charts and reports available and deduced in the course of investigation. Second primary research to provide a background on ETC and its current strategies strategic objectives, mission and vision, as a foundation for my research The resources conferred with were from analytical activities and personal observations on operation and customer services. Also books and journals were used. Telecom industry should ever succeed in providing customers to communicate to their kith, kin or co-workers with better approach according to their requirements. When it comes to UAE a nation where employees are present form almost all countries around the world; communication thus is having very high priority. Etisalat is a name heard attached to UAE and its telecom system. ETC is a very rich company with ample excellence of successful history above which they structured their undetermined deep knowledge as telecommunication heart of UAE. Acquisition spree of ETC has revealed as success for them within as well as outside UAE. They have already made up to achieve licenses to work any various other countries across the world. â€Å"Etisalat, with its long history of sponsorship and support for community and charitable projects in the  UAE, is interested in encouraging the adoption of CSR policies by companies operating in the Middle East, according to Ahmed Bin Ali, Manager of Pub lic Relations for Etisalat.† 3 With their success history in telecom sector, they are even expanding to other areas of business as well. 4ETC has been the solitary donor of telecommunications facilities inside the UAE for the past 31 years. â€Å"Etisalat has been the telecommunications service provider in the UAE since 1976, and has built

Decision-Making Models Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Decision-Making Models - Math Problem Example The researcher states that the amount of inventory that Company A needs to order can be determined with the use of economic order quantity (EOQ) model. According to Williamson  EOQ models are used for identifying the optimal order quantity. In order to do this the model minimizes the sum of certain costs that vary with order size and the frequency of orders. Williamson (2012) describes three order size models – the basic economic order quantity (EOQ) model; the economic production quantity (EPQ) model; and the quantity discount model. The basic EOQ model is used to find the order size that would minimize company A’s total annual cost. The formula and the calculations follow. Q0 = √(2DS/H) Where, Q0 is the order quantity in units D is the annual demand in units S is the order cost for each order made H is the holding or carrying the cost for each unit of inventory per year Company A’s information is as follows: - Annual demand (D) is 18,000 units per annum - Ordering cost (S) is $38 per order - Holding cost (H) is 26% of the cost of the inventory which is $12 per unit Q0 =   Ã¢Ë†Å¡[(2 x 18,000 x $38)/(0.26 x $12)]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = √(1,368,000/3.12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = √438461.54 = 662 units   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 662 units The results indicate that the economic order quantity that will minimize total annual cost is 662 units per order. Company A produces the goods that it sells and so the economic production lot size model is the most appropriate model for use in this scenario (Williamson 2012). The formula for performing the calculations that provide the results is as follows: Qp = √(2DS/H) √[p/(p-u)] Where, Qp is the economic run quantity p is the production or delivery rate u is the usage rate    Qp = √[(2 x 15,000 x $84)/(0.28 x $19)] √[60,000/(60,000-15,000)]   Qp = √(2,520,000/5.32) √1.33 Qp = 699.25 x 1.15 Qp = 791 The results indicate that the economic production lot size that will minimize total annual cost id 791 units per production run.

Shakespeare's Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shakespeare's Othello - Essay Example Desdemona’s father’s assumption that she will marry a handsome man of his choice proves wring. He never imagined that his daughter is an individual of independent opinions. She tells Brabantio how she loves Othello and gives perfect logic for her action. Desdemona is proud of her beauty and believes that she can influence men easily, and this is an indication that she is not a mature woman. Lovers who are easily won over are also easily lost and as such that type of love is not true love but infatuation. Even though Desdemona is an attractive young woman, she is stubborn when it comes to her own interest and she will cross any loyalty to go by her inclinations. Her talk with her father is intelligently presented, she is respectful to him, she feels obliged to him on many counts, but makes it clear that her loyalties have changed with the time. She understands the reason for her father’s wrath and yet her decision to leave him is final. Reason is enemy number one of love and love will ambush reason at the most unexpected time. When Desdemona’s father was thinking that his daughter is absolutely loyal to him, she had perfected her alternative plans tactfully but boldly. She had fallen for Othello and would not like to lose time in cementing the relationship. In this context she devises a plan in pursuit of love which would not have occurred in a woman’s mind belonging to the 21st century. Desdemona pleads with Othello to find a friend to woo her by telling the stories related to his valor. This means that she was encouraging Othello to court her directly. Iago blows hot and cold into the relationships of her father and Othello. His intentions are not sincere and he wears the mask of a well-wisher and counselor of Desdemona. Just for loving Othello, Desdemona cannot be condemned. In the conventional societal norms of the

Math problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math problem - Essay Example This means that there is some question as to whether this sample is sufficiently random, and whether that sample accurately represents the population. Another question to ask is how representative the sample was, by having only 50 represented could result to sample size as reported in guideline 3 of the article. In addition, the data that is used comes from the parents, rather than a single observer. As a result, there is likely to be significant variation in the observed results. Lastly, the question one remains asking is that the conclusions made are based on what? The study does not tell us the values of comparison in order to reach at the conclusion, it is important to consider guideline 8 in making the conclusions since sometimes the comparison values could not be significant to warrant such a conclusion made. The data reported by the parents is essentially anecdotal, rather than being an actual measure of the childs activity or energy level. The parents perception of how active their child is at any particular moment may be affected by the parents own mood and tolerance for activity at the time. If a parent is feeling particularly harried or overwhelmed, a lesser level of activity on the part of their child may seem more "active" than usual. Conversely, if a parent is feeling less stressed, they may be more tolerant of activity before they reach the point where the activity of the child seems "high" or "excessive". In other words, the parents perception of the childs activity may be inconsistent (According to guideline 1 we would conclude that the type of study is not appropriate), both due to the lack of a standard scale of measurement, and by their own emotional state. Finally, this particular study was sponsored by a group that has a vested interest in the outcome. In particular, the stated outcome favors the company that sponsored the study-this is similar to what we observe in guideline 2 of the article. This calls

J Two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

J Two - Essay Example I think that factors such as fixed and variable cost also attributed to the decline in the revenue. 1. Use the Percentage Sales Method and a 25% increase in sales to forecast Micro Chips Consolidated Statement of Operations for the period of September 26, 2008 through September 25, 2009. Assume a 15% tax rate and restructuring costs of 5% of the new sales figure. Sales method percentage will be given by the formula 125/100 * amount for every particular in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (Duchac, et, al 2007). For instance in sales 125/100 * 8,334= $10,417.5. Net income for the year 2008 was given to be $1,570.9 and when this figure is compared to the financial year 2009 which is 1,969.9, it shows a 25% increase in sales to forecast and yet we had a 5% restructuring cost on the new sales. Assumptions made here include all costs remained as a fixed percentage of sales. This assumption is unreasonable since in the normal running of a business, the organization can incur more or less cost than stipulated cost as a fixed percentage of sales (Duchac et al,

UN Secretary Council Essay Example for Free

UN Secretary Council Essay If the UN Security Council decides a situation constitutes a threat to international peace and security, are there any limits on what it can do to address that threat? In your response, please refer to relevant provisions of the UN Charter. United Security Council constitutes of a group of representatives from United States organization member countries whose primarily responsibility as stated in the United Nations Charter as peace and security maintenance internationally. The intentions of United Nations founders were mainly to play a role in peace and security maintenance internationally through application of force where necessary. The charter of United Nations forbids the United security council from carrying out peace restoration operations using military efforts because the superpowers votoed most of such United Nations activities. This should mainly be applicable to the events of cold war crisis. For instance, on two occasions during the time of those regulations, in Lebanon and Congo, the United Security council gave out resolutions that demanded the missions to apply same measures of force so as to achieve their goal. Since the termination of that cold war, the United Nation Security Council gave authority to several United Nations operations which involved application of force to help in restoration and maintenance of peace. For instance, the United Security council authorized the application of force to restore peace in the former Yugoslavia and Somali which is quoted in the United Nation’s charter (Bailey 1998). It also authorizes actions with respect to peace threats, breach of peace and aggressive actions. Now given that the United Nations security council’s performance as the leader in operations of peace which involve application of force, most of the experts like the former United Nations Secretary General have in mind that it can be an appropriate organization in leading such a mission, although its operational structures and inadequacy of resources have been the major factor which limits the United Nations to perform effectively. Ban Ki Moon has just been elected Secretary-General of the United Nations. Some commentators have stated that he should be more of a ‘secretary’ than ‘general’; others say he should be more of a ‘general’ than ‘secretary’. What is the UN Charter basis for him to play either role? How much freedom does he have to define the role himself? The role of Secretary General of United Nations acts as the chief administrative officer in the organization. Ban Ki Moon who is currently the Secretary of United Nations should be governed by the principles stipulated in the UN Charter. Since the secretary is appointed by the General Assembly through the Security Councils recommendations, he is entitled to head the entire organization. As it has been commented by some individuals that he should play a role of a secretary other than General while others say he should play a role a General than Secretary, according to the UN Charter, neither can apply. This is because United Charter clearly states the duties of Secretary General which cannot be handled by either being in a Secretary or General. Some of his responsibilities in his duty performance as the overall head include, he should not seek or be instructed by any government or be authorized by an external organization. He should also refrain from actions reflecting his position as international official responsible to the organization. According to the above duties, he is entitled to play both roles of secretary and General. This is because, like in the work of report writing and presentation to the General Assembly, it shows a secretary related role. The case of heading all general meetings implies General related duties. Due to this reason, he should identify himself as a Secretary General. (http://www. burmalibrary. org/reg. burma/archives/199905/msg00161. html). What position does the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change take on the â€Å"doctrine of preemption† as articulated in the US National Security Strategy of 2002? Is the HLP’s position sound? The high level panel entreats, challenges and change is a body of United Nations which addresses and analyses the threats to the international security and peace and also knowing their root causes. It also recommends range from social and economic challenges to utilization of force. The article also discusses the tasks and roles that the High level panel envisages for Security Council in light of challenges and threats which are clearly identified. Nevertheless, the panel does not insist or recommend on fundamental changes of the international paradigms legal which include the collective use of force in peace restoration. The panel’s focus on security reforms composition instead of the system that it operates in does not handle the problems with the latter and also impossibility of the former achievement. The panel as articulated in the US National Security Strategy of 2002 plays the same role as in the case of United Nations Charter where by although both stresses on security maintenance worldwide, in US, it is more specific. The US report states how the state can apply protection control measures before seeking assistance from the UN Security Council. It shows also how the state is advanced through carrying out investigations and detentions of terrorism weapons and destroys them before use in attacks. These places the strategies in front line as much has been achieved. The high level panel’s position is sound because most of the evil activities have been adversely been reduced except the normal regional crisis which can be handled locally. Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal summarize why states act through international organizations as follows (â€Å"Why states act through formal organizations†, p. 8): States consciously use IOs both to reduce transaction costs in the narrow sense and, more broadly, to create information, ideas, norms and expectations; to carry out and encourage specific activities; to legitimate or de-legitimate particular ideas and practices; and to enhance their capacities and powers. These functions constitute IOs as agents, which, in turn, influence the interests, inter subjective understandings, and environment of states. To what extent does that statement reflect a realist, institutionalist and/or social constructivist perspective on the role of international organizations? According to Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Suldal statement on why states act through international organizations, their main focus was to outline the benefits associated with formal organizations. The rational institutionalism is perceives international organizations as helping the state in achievement of its ends. Through distributive and power questions, the role of international organizations is perceived as in creation of norms and also understanding. Independence and centralization are outlined as the main properties in formal organizations. International organizations as a representative in community allows creation and implementation values which enforce the international commitments. In reduction of cost, international organizations has laid down principles which structure the agency relationships so as to contain institutional checks and balances which reduce opportunistic behaviors by agents. In a single organization, checks can be facilitated through empowerment of bureaus which have partially at least opposing mandates, for instance changing the production managers through maximization of outputs and changing controllers through maximizing cost of production in the firms. In creation of information, ideas, norms and expectations, the states are carefully designed as series to safeguard in the international courts of crimes. This is in relation to response of fear of runaway international courts. With rational perspective, international organizations enables achievement of states ends through creation of norms and other understandings. In carrying out encourage specific activities, international organizations have embarked on delegation principles where by a conditional authority is granted to an agent which empowers the agent to act on behalf of the former. For this case, the agents and principals mutually constitute to each other. Here, the relationship between agents and principles is governed by contracts be it the agreement is not formally acknowledged. All forms of delegations are conducted through divisions of labor which gains from specialization whereby the gains interact with all the other benefits from delegation. The essence of delegation is mainly to focus on how principles should be designed to control their agents. Some benefits attributed with delegation include; specialization which is achieved through division of labor, policy externalities which benefits through cooperation and can delegate to an international organization in case of big policy externalities. There is also an advantage of decision making collectively whereby states can also delegate to the international organizations especially when they pose a socially intransitive preference or in case of problem encounter. Another one includes dispute resolution whereby a state can delegate the authority to international agent to help in resolving differences between themselves. The statement why states act through international organizations reflects reality because in most of institutions, such benefits have been achieved and yielded positive results. This is because although the role of international organizations differs fro state to another depending on the interests of a certain state, many states have achieved their goals for instance, in economic activities, rights of residence among others. Recent years have seen a growing trend towards the use of so-called ‘hybrid’ peace operations, in which more than one organization or mission is deployed, either sequentially or side-by-side. Discuss the reasons for this trend and the pros and cons of hybrid operations. Please illustrate your response with examples. Hybrid piece operations essentially entail application of joint force in peace keeping whereby unprecedented operations which include troop’s locations challenges are used. The commanding structure in hybrid operations has been unified and agreed between United Nations and the African union so as to function effectively aiming at the single mission even if it is reporting to different organizations. Most of limitations have been associated with hybrid peace operations for instance, around 11 years ago, Francois Mitterrand who is a French president vigorously requested the Africans to apply their own means in conflict resolution and at the same time have their own organized security. Also other skeptics like Walter Dow equally place argumentations which were against practices regionalized peace operations which includes employment of sub-regional or regional organizations to conduct peace operations which reach from low intensity to high intensity peace keeping, continued presence of conflicts resulting to human tragedies, all over the world combined with UNs uncap abilities to address the issue has shown negative attitude towards the regional peace operation. This also led to respectfully disagreement with arguments Don among others regions cap tics. According to the recent intervention by sub regional and organizations in Burundi, Sudan, Liberia and Cot d’Ivore, the change of defunct OAU in to a better promising African Union (AU) and other international programs intended to develop capabilities regionally. This shows that, in Africa, the delegation of peace operation aspects to such organizations can’t be considered as effective or undesirable. Instead, the increasing capacity and willingness of regional organizations in Africa should step to modified security challenges in the continent which are coupled with United Nation’s current overstretch and notable absence of many problems which are foreseen by regiosceptics for future regional peace operations within Africa. Also, according to many regiosceptics, no existing regional organization has the required capacity and experience to place meaningful conflict resolution and prevention through use of military without assistance from outside. They apply that the continent’s sub-regional and regional organizations suffer from resource and capacity constrants in interoperability, training sustained readiness among others. This brings doubt in the potentiality of improvements in the short term. In Germany institute of international security policies, another study shows massive weaknesses in control and commanding intelligence in gathering and analyzing and also doctrinal preparation. As many regiosceptics have had that weakness into account, they concluded that, the African militaries are left with no choice other than returning to outdated models of welfare where by the combatants utilize weapons from the Korean war which were the tactics of the first world war and the form of treatments used in the 19th century. The hybrid peace operation having more disadvantages than the advantages, I prefer the cons of hybrid operations as it has not fully achieved its goals http://www. stimson. org/fopo/? SN=FP20021018422 . References: Bailey S, (1998). The Procedure of the UN Security Council. Oxford.

Microeconomics and the Laws of Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Microeconomics and the Laws of Supply and Demand Essay Macroeconomics focuses on the entire economy while micro economics studies the individual characteristics and peoples within the economy. Both the fourth and seventh scenarios in the simulation were examples of macroeconomics. They illustrated examples that display the economy as a whole. For example, the affected changes were caused by an increase in the population and a change in consumer demand. The first and second scenarios were examples of microeconomics as they illustrated actions and decisions of individuals and businesses. Whenever the managers created lower or higher price points for rentals they affected the supply and demand curves. As the summary at the end of the simulation states, â€Å"the supply and demand curve is not static; various factors cause them to increase or decrease.† For instance, in the simulation there was a shift in the demand curve with changes in the rental rates for the apartments. The supply curve shifted downward as the demand shifted upward with the changes in lower rental rates. More specifically, when the rental rates lowered to $1050 consumers began demanding more apartments at that rate. The increase in demand led to lower vacancies and, thus, less supply The equilibrium price is the price that allows the supply to meet the exact quantity of what is demanded. When there is shortage in the market it put pressure on the price and increases the price. When there is a surplus in the market it exerts a downward pressure on the price and decreases and decreases the price. Surplus and shortage determines the rate of equilibrium. Applying what we learned Working for a tea supplier for the Los Angeles County and Orange County, the lessons in the simulation really resonated with me. I started to think about the effects of pricing on our products and its effect on the supply and demand for our specific products. I began thinking about what factors are necessary to meet the demands of our clientele without compromising positive revenues. By analyzing our current conditions and creating accurate supply and demand curves for our products I realized that our company can set prices at equilibrium. In the context of microeconomics, individual and business decisions are what create shifts in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity. For example, when the managers for the apartments made decisions to have lower vacancies they had to lower the price on there month to month rentals. This increased the demand while lowering the supply thereby creating a price that is closer to equilibrium. In the context of macroeconomics, population changes or things like unemployment rates would change the supply and demand. For example, when the unemployment rate is high there would be less demand for higher priced rental rates. This would, therefore, increase the supply. In other words, there would be a surplus in vacant apartments. With a higher population rate there would be an increase in demand. There is a direct relationship between the prices of a product set by a firm to how much it will be demanded by the consumers. The price elasticity refers to these changes in demand as the price is lowered or raised. Therefore, the most essential question firms must ask first when determining a price points is, â€Å"How many people will demand a certain product at what specific price?† This does not take into consideration the supply held by a firm since it makes no difference to what is demanded based on the price. References Colander, D. C. (2010). Economics (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. University of Phoenix. (2013). Economics for Business 1: Applying Supply and Demand Concepts. Retrieved on October 27, 2013. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/vendors/tata/UBAMsims/economics1/economic s1_supply_demand_simulation.html

Literature Search on the effects of Overtime on Nursing staff

Literature Search on the effects of Overtime on Nursing staff PICO Question Numerous research studies have been completed in the last ten years linking higher nurse patient ratios to improved patient outcomes. A consequence of mandating nurse staffing levels is the use of mandatory and voluntary overtime which can lead to increased fatigue and adverse events. The use of overtime is not a solution to maintaining adequate nurse staffing levels and can have detrimental, unwanted consequences. The potential risk to nurses and patients must be explored through quality research. In an attempt to meet staffing ratios many organizations rely on the use of mandatory and voluntary overtime which leads to fatigue and adverse outcomes. P: Overtime I: Limit hours worked by RNs to 12 per 24 hours C: No limit on hours worked O: Decreased fatigue and adverse outcomes Search Strategies with Medline, CINAHL and Google Scholar Medline Using the Medline database the key words RN staffing and hour worked were entered. This resulted in 21,214 articles. To narrow this search the following limits were applied: publication years 2004-2009, English language, patient safety and medical errors. This resulted in 407 articles. To narrow to a manageable number of relevant articles the subheading of staffing: supply and distribution, and personnel staffing and scheduling were added to the previous search terms resulting in 26 current articles. A systematic review was completed using the terms RN staffing, overtime and patent safety, which provided similar results and articles. Final articles chosen were: International Experts Perspectives on the State of the Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcomes Literature by Van den Heede, et al published in the January 2007 issue of Journal of Nursing Scholarship and Correlates of medication error in hospitals by Wilkins and Shields published in the June 2008 issue of Health Reports. CINAHL Keywords entered into the CINAHL database included mandatory overtime in nursing and patient safety which resulted in 1,597 articles. By setting the parameters to articles published between 2004 and 2009 in the English language and adding the subheading of personnel staffing and scheduling and adverse outcomes a total of 31 articles were provided. Adding the subheading of quality of nursing care along with the keywords systematic review resulted in 17 final articles. The two articles chosen were: Nurse Staffing and Healthcare Outcomes: A systematic review of the International Research Evidence by Lankshear, Sheldon and Maynard published in the 2005 issue of Advances in Nursing Science and Factors Influencing the use of Registered Nurse Overtime in Hospitals, 1995-200 published by Berney, Needleman and Kovner in the second quarter 2005 issue of Journal of Nursing Scholarship. Google Scholar Keywords nurse staffing, medical errors, patient outcomes and hours worked were entered into the Google Scholar database. This search resulted in 1782 articles. Adding the parameters of articles published between 2004 and 2009 and medical, pharmacological and veterinary only yielded 442 articles. The addition of the terms mandatory overtime to the above selections resulted in 180 articles. Other variations of search terms did not yield less than 180 relevant articles. Many of these 180 articles were also found in the final Medline and CINAHL searches. The two chosen from this search included: The working hours of hospital staff nurses and patient safety published by Rogers et al in the July / August 2004 edition of Health Watch. The second article Scott et. al Effects of critical care nurses work hours on vigilance and patients safety published in the January 2006 issue of American Journal of Critical Care. Analysis of Articles from each Database Medline Analysis International Experts Perspectives on the State of the Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcomes Literature by Van den Heede et al., published in the fourth quarter 2007 issue of Journal of Nursing Scholarship is an article written to assess the variables used in research on nurse staffing and patient outcomes from the perspective of an international panel. A Delphi survey (November 2005-February 2006) of a selected expert panel from 10 countries consisting of 24 researchers specializing in nurse staffing and quality of care and 8 nurse administrators were sent a review of evidence related to 30 patient outcomes, 14 nurse staffing and 31 background variables and asked to rate the importance or usefulness of each variable for research on nurse staffing and patient outcomes. In subsequent rounds the group median, mode, frequencies, and earlier responses were sent to each respondent. The conclusions of this study provided a picture of the science on nurse staffing and patient outcomes researc h as of 2006. The findings showed a connection between human resource issues and healthcare quality based on empirical findings and opinion. While the article did focus on quality of care and nurse patient ratios, it did not provide relevant information regarding the effects of extended work hours on patient care outcomes. Correlates of medication error in hospitals by Wilkins and Shields published in the June 2008 issue of Health Reports examined associations between medication error and selected factors in the workplace of hospital employed registered nurses in Canada. Data was derived from the 2005 National Survey of the Work and Health of Nurses in Canada who deliver direct care to hospital patients. Correlates of medication error were considered in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to examine medication error in relation to work organization and workplace environment, while controlling for personal factors, including nurses general and mental health, job satisfaction, education years of experience, and clinical area of employment. The results of this study showed that nearly one-fifth of nurses reported medication error involving patients had occurred occasionally or frequently in the past year. In the fully adjusted multivariate model, medication error was positively associated with working overtime, role overload, perceived staffing or resource inadequacy. Working a 12 hour shift, compared with shorter shifts was negatively associated with medication errors. This article provided relevant information pertaining to the initial PICO question of hours worked and adverse outcomes. CINAHL Analysis The 2005 issue of Advances in Nursing Science contained the article Nurse staffing and healthcare outcomes: A systematic review of international research evidence by Lankshear et. al. The authors performed a systematic review of the literature and policy analysis and conducted interviews with key researchers in the filed in both the Untied States and the United Kingdom. The goal was to retrieve research on nurse staffing and healthcare outcomes published since 1990. A combination of electronic databases, internet and organizational web sites, and contacted researchers were queried. For each relevant study data were extracted systematically using a predesigned table to describe the type and feature of the workforce, the setting, the outcomes, the methods used, the results found, the quality of the studies and the limitations. A formal meta-analysis of the results was not able to be conducted due to the studies reporting different outcomes and use of different measure of staffing and w ays of summarizing the association between staffing and outcome. Instead, a qualitative synthesis to explore patterns in the data and possible explanations for inconsistencies such as study design, analysis, context and setting was used. The systematic review found that many of the studies were of poor quality, using data from only one unit or hospital or failing to control for case mix variations. Overall, there was found to be accumulating evidence of a relationship between nurse staffing, especially higher skill mix, and patient outcomes. However, the estimates of the nurse staffing effects are likely to be unreliable. There is emerging evidence of a curvilinear relationship that suggests that the cost effectiveness of using registered nurse levels as a quality improvement tool will gradually become less cost effective. This article addressed staffing issues and quality of care but focused little on the issue of increased work hours of nurses and patient care outcomes. Factors Influencing the Use of Registered Nurse Overtime in Hospital, 1995-2000 by Berney et al published in the second quarter 2005 issue of Journal of Nursing Scholarship, aimed to assess nurse overtime in acute care general hospitals and the factors that influenced overtime among various hospitals. Staffing data from 1995-2000 from 193 acute general hospitals in New York State were used to examine hospital characteristics to determine whether they were associated with nurse overtime. The study concluded that hospitals varied dramatically in their overtime use. Some categories, for example Government owned, used little overtime indicating that management can find substitutes for overtime to meet fluctuating staffing needs. Unionized hospitals worked slightly more overtime than did nurses in nonunionized hospitals. The finding that hospitals with similar characteristics varied greatly in their number of overtime hours also supported this conclusion. Statistical analysis was complete d with bivariate associations between nurse overtime and each hospital characteristic and independent nursing variables. The article provided valuable information on the various uses of overtime by hospitals, but did not specifically address the correlation between hours worked and adverse events. Google Scholar The July 2004 issue of Health Watch contained an article by Rogers et al, The working hours of hospital staff nurses and patient safety. A letter explaining the study and eligibility criteria was mailed to a random nationwide sample of 4,320 members of the American Nurses Association during the winter of 2002. 1.725 nurses expressed interest by returning the completed demographic questionnaire. The final sample consisted of 393 registered nurses working full time as unit based hospital staff nurses. Logbooks were completed by these participants who revealed they usually worked longer than originally schedule and that 40% of 5,317 work shifts logged exceeded 12 hours. The risk of making an error were increased when shifts were longer than 12 hours, nurses worked overtime, or when they worked more than 40 hours per week. The data from demographic questionnaires and logbooks were then summarized using descriptive statistics and frequency tables. The long and unpredictable hours document ed suggest a link between poor working conditions and treats to patient safety. This article provided relevant information pertaining to the initial PICO question. Scott et. al published Effects of Critical Care nurses work hours on vigilance and patients safety in the January 2006 issue of American Journal of Critical Care. The objectives were to describe the work patterns of critical care nurses, determine if an association existed between the occurrence of errors and the hours worked, and explore whether these work hours have adverse effects on the nurses vigilance. Data were obtained from a random sample of critical care nurses in the Untied States. Nurses eligible for the study were mailed two 14 day logbooks to fill out. Information collected included the hours worked, the time of day worked, overtime hours, days off and sleep wake patterns. On days worked, the respondents completed all work related questions and questions about difficulties in remained awake while on duty. The 502 respondents consistently worked longer than scheduled and for extended periods. Longer work duration increased the risk of errors and near errors and decreased nurses vigilance. The findings support the Institute of Medicine recommendations to minimize the use of 12 hours shifts and limit work hours to no more than 12 consecutive hours during a 24 hour period. This article contained information pertinent to the original PICO question. Article best addressing PICO Question Effects of Critical Care Nurses Work Hours on Vigilance and Patients Safety (Scott et. al., 2006) and Correlates of Medication Errors in Hospitals (Wilkins Shields, 2008) were found to be two articles that provided quality information regarding nursing hours worked and adverse patient outcomes. While the use of subjective measure of drowsiness, self report of errors and the relatively small sample of nurses used in the studies may limit the generalize-ability of the findings, the anonymity provided lends to more truthful responses. The methods allowed the nurses to disclose information that might have been unattainable if the use of standard categories for error reporting had been used. Although 12 hour shifts are popular among nurses, the findings in this study are congruent with previous reports that recommend minimizing the use of 12 hour shifts or at least limiting nurses work hours to more than 12 consecutive hours during a 24 hour period. Experience and extensive research in o ther industries has shown that accident rates increase when workers work 12 hours or longer. However, research pertaining to nurses has been relatively recent and data on accidents in healthcare facilities are not widely available. Conclusion Each database provided relevant articles containing research on the issue of the number hours worked by nurses and the effect of hours worked on patient care outcomes. Keywords nursing hours worked and patient outcomes delivered a large number of results. The methods to narrow results by placing additional parameters can be used across all databases. While there are minute differences among databases, basic search skills are universal by utilizing keywords developed in the PICO question. The final articles chosen provided data on the effects of hours worked by nurses and the potential effect on patient outcomes. While the articles addressed the limitations of the studies, the methods, data analysis and results were presented in a logical, reproducible format. The issue of the effects of long work hours has been studied extensively in other industries, such as air traffic controllers, leading to changes in work environment. Further research needs to be completed in the area of nursing regarding the effects of the long hours. These articles provide a solid basis for other researchers to build upon. The use of nursing informatics can provide databases with universal quality measures to provide more consistent, reliable data across healthcare facilities.

Apply Smart Sanctions and Remove Saddam Essay -- September 11 Terroris

Apply Smart Sanctions and Remove Saddam    In light of our recent success in Afghanistan, the administration now has "Iraq on the radar screen," according to National Security Advisor Condoleeza Rice. Hopefully, increased attention on Iraq will reveal that the economic sanctions aimed at bringing down Saddam Hussein hurt vital U.S. national interests and seriously undermine our legitimacy abroad-all while doing little to achieve their original purpose. In the Nov. 28 Time Magazine article "Weapons of Mass Distraction,"   Eric Brown condemns Saddam Hussein-not economic sanctions-for the suffering of hundreds of thousands of Iraqis. While Wang acknowledges that Osama bin Laden and Saddam have used these sanctions as an excuse for Iraqi poverty and as evidence that the U.S. is the "world's greatest terrorist and sponsor of terror," Wang rejects modifying the sanctions in their current form to avoid being influenced by such "pernicious propaganda." He argues that Western policymakers should instead worry about the "enormous threat" Saddam Hussein poses "to the sovereignty and stability of every country in the region."   Regrettably, the current sanctions on Iraq have been ineffective. The starkest indication came on September 11. Strong evidence suggests Iraq supported terrorist activities related to the attacks on that infamous day, sanctions notwithstanding.   Sanctions have also been ineffective in preventing Saddam's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) programs. He has repeatedly obstructed U.N. weapons inspections with few consequences. Since the Shi'ite uprising at the end of the Gulf War in southern Iraq, there have been few domestic threats to Saddam's power. In fact, the tribal divisions and demographics of Iraq-Kur... ...nt "smart sanctions" on Iraq to target Saddam and his military and WMD programs directly. This would involve unprecedented intellectual creativity on the part of policy makers, bureaucratic efficiency and coordination among parties, and, most of all, strong leadership on the part of the U.S. Second, we need to remove Saddam from power through external force. This was an option immediately after the Gulf War, and the international community missed their chance. However, in the aftermath of September 11, there exists another opportunity to form a coalition against the immoral Iraqi regime. There have been strong indications from ranking members of the Bush administration that this is their next preferred course of action. Such a move depends on the right mix of careful diplomacy and public relations, both of which would be well served by restructuring the sanctions.

Film Analysis of High and Low Essay -- Film Analysis Movies High and L

Film Analysis of High and Low Film 1010 Mise en scene is a stylistic form of filming that is French for â€Å"staging the shot†, which is referring to everything in front of the camera. Director Kurosawa understood this style and used it in High and Low (Kurosawa, 1962). He used several Mise en scene techniques such as closed composition, space manipulation, and lighting to compliment the crime thriller story. Closed composition is one of the main themes that Kurosawa uses throughout the movie. He chooses to keep the scenes tight and in close quarters mostly. This is seen predominately in the first half on the movie. Here the action takes place in Mr. Gondo’s house on top of a hill. The viewer has very little idea that there is much of a world outside the house. This idea is supported when Mr. Gondo has to close all the drapes in the house to prevent the kidnapper from looking into the house. This gives a mood and feeling of anxiety from being enclosed. Also, shots of the house sitting on top of the hill give the feeling of loneliness. This feeling is repeated in the bullet train sequence where the quarters are much smaller. The viewer is somewhat relieved with the view of the outside, but because of the close quarters and the sense of a speeding train, it does not allow the viewer to enjoy the openness the windows provide. A scene that clearly shows the Mise en scene style is the next day comes and Mr. Gondo must now decide whether to pay the ransom or not. We see and hear the argument with Mr. Gondo and Mrs. Gondo, with Mr. Aoki crying to the far left of the scene. Soon the dialog ends and we see Mr. Aoki still to the far left, Mrs. Gondo with Jun in the middle, and Mr. Gondo to the far right. Clearly separating them are the detectives who are standing silently with their heads down. The placement of the detectives manipulates the space in the scene into thirds. It also helps in emphasizing the differences between the three characters regarding what should be done about getting Mr. Aoki’s son back from the kidnapper. In the scene where two of the detectives find the man and woman dead, we see the detectives enclosed in the window of the house where, we the viewers are looking in. This is the closed form composition, which is used to help focus the viewers’ attention on the characters. In doing so, the characters’ surprise reactions... ...arly being used as a separation between Mr. Gondo and the police. That, with the combination of the lack of furniture, along with the predominance of white created by the light in the house enforces the tone of emptiness and loneliness that the viewer feels. Finally, the last few scenes show desperation by the kidnapper. Mr. Gondo and the kidnapper are sitting across from each other in a closed off room. The room gives the feeling of being trapped along with the wire mesh and window separating them. Here the viewer can see the reflection of whom the character is talking to so that we can see the expression from what is being said. Plus by being in such a small room, the emotions seem to be increased as the kidnapper releases his own emotions to Mr. Gondo. We have seen that Kurosawa used many techniques of the mise en scene throughout High and Low. The use of the closed stylistic form along with the lighting and space manipulation of characters and objects help increase the intense emotion of the film as well as help the viewer focus on key points and characters. This ultimately moved the story forward and complimented the crime thriller categorization of the film.

The Character of O-lan in Pearl S. Bucks The Good Earth :: Pearl Buck Good Earth Essays

The Character of O-lan in Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth    Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth depicts the journey of a Chinese farmer and his family in the early twentieth century. It begins with the protagonist, Wang Lung, marrying a servant, O-lan, from a neighboring rich house. They start a family in their small country town, and endure grueling times, including droughts, floods, and war. Wang Lung and O-lan work as hard as horses to ensure their family's survival. The family's persistence finally prevails, and the land eventually produces great riches. O-lan plays a considerable role in the success of the family. Buck portrays O-lan as a resourceful and reliable woman.    O-lan is very knowledgeable and draws on past experiences. She is a skilled cook because she worked in the kitchens as slave. When O-lan first arrives at Wang Lung's house, she prepares a deliciously cooked meal. In response to Wang Lung's questions of her dexterity, she blandly replies, I have been kitchen slave since I went into the House of Hwang. There were meats at every meal (22). Wang Lung received many compliments from his family and friends for O-lan's dinner. She is familiar with the preparation many different kinds of food, such as corn cobs, meats, and other varied foods.    O-lan is an experienced beggar. This skill was used in a critical time. The family was forced to face many adversities during the drought. Wang-Lung and O-lan reluctantly decided to move to a southern city to escape starvation. O-lan used her childhood begging talents to assist the family in surviving the dilemmas of the city. She knew who to plead to, where to beg, and most importantly, taught the other children to beg.

Distinguishing People Around the World: Social Structures and Social Institutions Essay

From a sociological perspective, it is both an oversimplification and an inaccuracy to conclude that people around the world, or even within the same country, are fundamentally the same. There are similarities. The scientific methodologies used by sociologists to study different types of human interactions and social facts instead suggest that people are different in important ways and that these differences must be considered when assessing human behavior objectively and normatively. One of the main conceptual aids to understanding how and why people are not fundamentally the same involves a key sociological distinction between social structures and social institutions. Social structures refer to patterns existing within a social system and are analytically divided into simple and complex types of social structures. A simple type of social structures is limited to roles and status designations along a set continuum; illustrative of this type of simplistic pattern might be age structures, gender structures, or ethnic background structures in a pyramid or pie-chart form. These are fairly exclusive patterns whereas the complex social structures derive their complexity from the fact that multiple social sources or interrelationships are constructed from existing roles and status designations. These patterns, or social structures, may differ around the world because of a variety of different factors. Age patterns in America differ from other countries, for example, because of such factors as medical technology, education, and even historical experiences with wars. Not only can these patterns be explained by social factors, but they can also be used to predict human behavior and social consequences in the future. Declining birth rates in America may foretell less tax revenue and social security burdens for seniors whereas increasing birthrates in Kenya may foretell fiercer competition for scare jobs and potential social dislocations. Social structures vary significantly, the patterns have different sources and consequences, and this is evidence that people are not the same everywhere; indeed, people are quite different in origins, in the present, and in the direction in which social forces are shaping the future. In addition, an examination of the social institution concept further supports the notion that people are not the same everywhere. The social institution is employed to help to explain how certain patterns of social structures emerge in the first instance; for example, patterns describing such social structures as gender or racial inequality find their causative origins in institutions. The social institution concept is therefore an analytical method for examining how social structures arise, persist, or transform into a new type of social structure. The family and religion are common areas for analysis in the sociological field; for purposes of illustration, religious institutions have and continue to affect patterns related to gender inequality in terms of access to education and income inequality. Religious institutions in Afghanistan and America, to be sure, are not the same; these different religious institutions affect the social structures that arise in these respective countries. Women are not the same in Afghanistan and America. These differences are explained from a sociological perspective by examining patterns in the form of social structures and by seeking to understand causation by examining institutions. In the final analysis, the empirical evidence strongly suggests that people are hardly the same everywhere. People are diverse, patterns vary internationally and even domestically in certain respects, and institutional change is frequently unpredictable to the extant that it can be occasioned by such fundamentally transformative events such as the Industrial Revolution, the Internet boom, and the globalization characterized by information technology and excess financial liquidity. Social structures and social institutions can aid in attempting to understand why we are different and how these differences might be minimized in order to prevent excessive types of social conflicts.

How Macroeconomics affects business Essay

Macro economics is a branch of economics that explores trends in the national economy as a whole considering the study of the sum of individual economic factors. Macroeconomics considers the larger picture, and an understanding of how do short letter operates is crucial to understand macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is intertwined with line of realization because business is affected by the factors that plant macroeconomics. Circular-f pocket-sized diagram a visual moulding of the economy that shows how dollars flow through marketplaces among households and firms. apply this diagram it can be totally the way discovered how whatsoever factors can becharm business trading operations..Business is affected by many economic activities.These activities ar chase rate annex, assesses improver, unemployment rate subjoin, Inflation. bear on Rate. elicit rate is a rate which is aerated or paid for the use of m unrivalledy. emergence of pursual rate has a non bad(p) affect on several use opportunities.1. As it can be observed from the graph, if bribe rate increases the consumption expenditures of households go forth abate, which means that companys mesh volition decrease. In future it pull up stakes lead to decrease in doing come out get. In fix up to be competitive companies go forth need to carving require or even push aside psyche from the personnel, which provide again lead to decrease in consumption opportunities. 2. Affect on cost of dramatizeing. more companies around the earth make their business by lending coin from the bank. If interest rate increases, the interest payments on credit and loans execute to a greater extent expensive. Therefore this discourages companies from borrowing and widening its business. Companies who already occupy loans get out assume junior-grade disposable income because they spend more on interest payments. 3. Increase in mortgage interest payments.In majority of cases companies borrow mortgages to bargain already existed placefor operations or to build a novel building. And if the mortgage interest ordain increase even by rattling little percent, it volition have significant contact on businesses disposable income. Thats why it impart be more juicy for them to rent an apartment rather that to buy a new one. 4. Reduced Confidence. Interest rates have an effect on business confidence. A rise in interest rates discourages investment it makes firms little willing to take out high-risk investments and purchasesTaxesA fee charged by a government on a product, income, or activity.Here atomic number 18 some effects of taxes on business operations.1. Taxes overturn boilersuit gains.There is a command in accounting which calls income contention. In income statement all revenues and expenses are written. After subtractions of all expenses out of revenues in that location is a tug which name is Earnings before interest and taxes. Results of before tax and l ater tax business cases can look quite different. Where the business case shows gains or net profit cash inflows, taxes operate to lower overall gains because operating income and capital gains are normally taxed.2. Low bribeMultiple governments bill so many taxes on businesses that taxes is the highest reckon items on the ledger sheets of most businesses. These taxes take away some of the bills another(prenominal) than used to pay wages. Thats why employers cant pay beneficial wages. 3. High pricesIn many countries governments put many taxes on businesses that taxes is the highest budget items on the ledger sheets of most businesses. Businesses have to abide prices to get money to pay these taxes. So product prices go up. This leads to pomposity.Unemployment.Unemployment is an economic former marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired.There are several understandings of unemployment in a country. They are1. Worldwide financial crisisCompani es do non have enough money to hire new round to the company and to increase their outcome.2. Population increaseWhen, for example, baby boomers pull in the age of 18, they start to search for a job, besides the number of work places did not increase. Thats why many of them become unemployed.3. Low qualificationThe majority of companies present try to employ more measure up workers, and people that are less commensurate fail to hold a disclose job4. Replacement of workers by technologiesIn straightaways world technological progress is very visible. In many factories people big businessman is replaced by machine. And if 10 years past in order to produce one detail you need 10 people, today you need only one or two persons who will watch after this process of doingUnemployment has a lineal involve on all business. community buy products and services and if they do not have a job they will buy less products and services. That is why increase unemployment often results in many businesses cut back inventories because they expect to sell less. Another reason is that many companies in order to stand up and reach the new level of production need more suffice personnel. only when if there is a shortage of qualified people, company can not beget at all and should whether stay at the same level of find other ways to improve. The third reason is that during the recessions and crisis companies should cut their expenses, thats why in order to be competitive and do not decrease the level of production they should fire some workersInflationInflation is an increase in the price of a field goal of goods and services that is representative of the economy as a whole. Effects of inflation on business.1. People try to get relieve of cash before it is devalued, by deliver food andother commodities creating shortages of the saved objects. Thats why in a specialized period of time, for example, one week, people will consume a lot of goods, but one week later the y will not consume at all.2. increase risk Higher uncertainties. Uncertainties in business always exist, but with inflation risks are very high, because of the instability of prices.3. Existing credit companies will be hurt, because the value of the money they will receive from their borrowers later will be lower than the money they gave before.4. unbending income recipients will be hurt, because season inflation increases, their income doesnt increase, and therefore their income will have less value over time.5. Companies will think they were making profits while in reality theyre losing money if they dont take into shape the inflation rate when calculating profits.6. Many companies will have to go out of business because of the losses they incurred from inflation and its effects.7. move up prices of imports if the currency is debased, then its purchasing power in the international market is lower.For the same amount of money companies will be able to buy less.8. Competition. If there is a lot of competition in a market, businesses try harder to keep prices low to keep buyers. It means that companies will have less and less profit. Sometimes they will need to cut the wages. But staff do not like when the wages are cut. And if they will not find something else in order to cover their costs, they will soon become a bankrupt. In conclusion it can be utter that Macroeconomics has a very big impact on the business operations. Economics scotch with business in almost everything. And whatsoever changes will occur in economics it will for sure display in business.

Two Vastly Difrent Words Two Vastley Diffrent Meanings

Two vastly antithetic words with Two vastly different meanings Ignorance and lunacy argon words that ar unremarkably utilise out of context and either word is often mis get along tonly used in the opposites rightful place. Ignorance is commonly mistaken for anserineity in society. Just as commonly, stupidity arsehole be denied and termed as ignorance. To take that these words ar unitary in the similar is ignorance in and of its self, that is if ane is uninformed of the true definitions of either word.When one has been informed of the correct definition and relieve uses the term out of context well, that is an example of stupidity. For umpteen reasons these devil words receive two vastly different meanings which cornerstone be easily contrasted with both(prenominal) thought. Ignorance can be defined as having no knowledge or cultivation in ones heading of a specific subject. Ignorance is the result of a neediness of education, one can non be evaluate to pas s the correct response when exposed to something they are uneducated on.For example, a male student walks into his college mathematics screen half an hour late. He sits rout and is past handed a quiz on coalescence and instructed to finish the quiz in cardinal minutes. He hasnt subscribe any of the chapter on calculus assigned last week and he has missed the lecture on calculus that his teacher gave at the beginning of the class. This is the first he has comprehend of calculus and he has had no prior go across in the subject. in that respectfore the student was stupid on the subject.He failed the quiz because of his ignorance. The student may start out retained the information given on calculus well and aced the test had he obtained that information. Ignorance is also a term used to see being insensible of something. Such as, when a good friend of exploit bill ate crab legs for the first sentence he was stolid to the fact that he was supersensitized to shellfish. Hi s throat itched then swelled and he was right away rushed to the E. R that night. Know he is no longer unwitting to that fact.Other words to recognise ignorance are uninformed, unlearned, uneducated and unwitting . indulgence can be defined as a miss of intelligence. When one lacks intelligence they lack the ability to cipher and learn. They also lack the ability to apply information that they have been given. Stupidity can also be described as a lack of perception, not using the senses or lacking common sense. When one does not think logically or chooses not to make practical judgments based on the buzz off they already posses that is stupidity.Stupidity is expressed in illogical or thoughtless behavior. Such as the bill given earlier of the male college student who didnt study he showed an example of ignorance by having no knowledge of the subject he was being quizzed on. He also showed an example of stupidity. He would not have been ignorant had he studied. He was not ig norant to the fact that he had a chapter to read or of the time he was to be in class he just stupidly chose not to read the chapter just as he stupidly chose to be late for class.Because of this thoughtless, stupid behavior he was unexpended ignorant. Other words to describe stupidity are foolish, senseless, witless and idiotic. Ignorance is a term used to describe ones unknowing, as to say he is ignorant of a subject not because he is stupid merely because he lacks knowledge of that subject. It is a term that should neer be used to provoke and just as well should never be taken that way. There is no one person who possess no ignorance at all, we all have things we are ignorant of.Benjamin Franklin once said being ignorant is not so much a violate as being unwilling to learn. bingle can attempt to dispel there ignorance by seeking out and the proper Knowledge and education. at once they obtain the proper information and knowledge then they are no longer ignorant of the subj ect. Stupidity is a term used as an insult and can usually be correctly perceived as one. When a person uses the term stupid to describe another they are usually placing the blame of thoughtlessness or another negative mark such as foolishness on that other person. Fools rush in where fools been before Unknown. While ignorance can be dispelled as quickly as one can learn, stupidity seems to be a conventionalism or bad habit that even the most educated people tend to exhibit. It can take a lot longer for some to get rid of there stupidity then for others to take knowledge and rid of there ignorance. These terms have been defined enough to show why they are two vastly different words with two vastly different meanings and are expected to be used wisely.